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X-Men Comicverse: An Overview
Okay, this is embarassingly long, but there's just so many of them. And this is the short version.
ETA: The images are finally working!
THE BASICS
This overview covers the main comics, not the movies (or the cartoons). I can't actually recommend that anyone wanting to go to the source material read any recent issues, because they suck in all new, all different, ways. However! The Essential X-Men volumes are cheap, black and white reprints, 20 or so issues per volume, starting from Giant Sized X-Men #1 (the introduction of the Second Team), and contain much very cool, old school, superheroics.
MUTANTS
Mutants are people with an X-Factor, a gene that gives them special powers. Most mutants manifest their abilities at puberty, or under great emotional/physical stress. Not all mutations are useful: many mutants just look funny, or can do something daft like turn celery into string (see also MORLOCKS). Useful mutations include: psionic powers (telepathy, telekinesis, etc), change-forms (turning into something else – an animal, a really hard metal, etc), 'blow-stuff-up' powers (making things go 'boom'), shape-shifting, teleporting, elemental powers (manipulation of things like magnetism, temperature, the weather, etc), super-strength, flying.


THE X-MEN
The X-Men were formed by Charles Xavier in order to a) teach mutants how to use their abilities, b) protect humans from evil mutants, c) protect mutants from evil humans. In practice, they mostly end up just doing b), protecting a world that fears and hates them. They are based out of the frequently destroyed Xavier Mansion, Graymalkin Lane, Salem Centre, Westchester, New York, though for a while they lived in Australia, which has a surprising large supervillain population.
The X-Men started off as just five mutant teenagers (Cyclops, Marvel Girl (later Phoenix), Beast, Iceman, Angel), and grew. And then grew some more. There are now about six hundred X-Men and associates, so I won't be mentioning them all.
MAIN CHARACTERS
X-MEN
PROFESSOR X (Professor Charles Xavier): He's rich, bald, in a wheelchair, and one of the most powerful telepaths in the world. His ethics can sometimes be a little questionable, and some fans write him as. well. evil. (ETA: only not so much anymore). But he is devoted to his students and to his 'Dream' of peaceful co-existence between humans and mutants, even if forming a paramilitary group of mutant outlaws isn't the way most people would go about achieving that.
CYCLOPS (Scott Summers): The first X-Man, and team leader. He has a 'blow-stuff-up' power -- force beams come out his eyes. Due to being dropped on his head as a child (out of a plane) he can't control these 'optic blasts' without the aid of ruby quartz, and must always wear sunglasses or a visor made of this to keep from obliterating everything in his line of sight. He grew up in an orphanage and was then forced to use his powers to steal before being rescued by Xavier, to whom he is very loyal. He has a brother, Alex (codenamed Havok), intermittently also an X-Man when he isn't brainwashed, studying geology or lost in alternate dimensions. Alex was adopted and Scott wasn't, so they didn't grow up together and have a sometimes tense relationship. Their father Christopher, thinking they were dead, renamed himself Corsair and became a space pirate. As is common in grief-stricken parents.
MARVEL GIRL/PHOENIX (Jean Grey-Summers): Scott's wife (after about thirty years of will they/won't they/oh no she's dead) is an extremely powerful telepath and telekinetic. She started off with just the telekinesis, Xavier having repressed her telepathy so she wouldn't go insane. She was once replaced by a celestial entity called the Phoenix Force, who went evil, and then died on the moon, and then Jean was found in a cocoon on the bottom of the sea –- it's a little complicated. She's 'died' a lot, but she always comes back, and that's really all you need to know.
ANGEL/ARCHANGEL (Warren Worthington III): He's rich. He's blond. He has beautiful white wings. If only he hadn't lost those wings and been brainwashed and recruited as the Angel of DEATH by APOCALYPSE and had his beautiful angel wings replaced by evil metal ones and his girlfriend Candy murdered by his former best friend -- well, he'd probably be a happy, easy going guy, instead of all broody and angst-ridden. He can be a little judgmental and hostile towards 'outsiders' too, but he's very loyal to the people he loves. He has his old wings back now.
BEAST (Dr Henry (Hank) McCoy): The oldest of the original team, and largely angst-free. He's very big, super-strong and super-agile, with outsized hands and feet. For awhile it came and went, but he's had lovely blue fur for a long time now. Also claws and sharp teeth, hence the name, but really he's a genius and a sweetie. Hank is a medical doctor, a geneticist, a published author, a former Avenger and a rocket scientist. He's the Buckeroo Banzai of the X-Men, except there's little evidence that he can sing. We love Hank.
ICEMAN (Robert (Bobby) Drake): The youngest of the original team, which unfortunately gets him de-aged into a student in every alternate canon (the movies, ULTIMATE X-MEN, the X-Men: Evolution cartoon...) He has a change-form made of ice, travels really fast by making 'iceslides', and can manipulate ice and temperature. He's extremely powerful, but a bit of slacker when it comes to developing his gifts. The team clown for a long time, but smarter than he generally acts. He is also a qualified accountant, which comes in useful for a superhero about as often as you'd expect. He isn't actually canonically gay, though you can't tell from the fanfic. Best friends with BEAST.
STORM (Ororo Monroe): Ororo was orphaned when a plane fell on her house, also leaving her claustrophobic. She was a pickpocket on the streets of Cairo for a few years, and then she went to Africa to become a Goddess. As you do. She is ethnically African, but has blue eyes and white hair as part of her mutation. She's the co-leader of the X-Men, a powerful weather manipulator, and a dignified and intelligent woman, though not without a sense of humour. She tends to change her hair a lot and, personally, I still feel the mohawk was her best look. She's quite maternal towards SHADOWCAT, and is especially good friends with GAMBIT. Her movie counterpart is inexplicably dull, and can't even fly. A mohawk might help.

WOLVERINE ((ETA:James?) Logan): Logan is short, hairy and old. And Canadian. Fortunately, he has more than enough personal cool to counter all those disadvantages. Logan has a powerful healing factor, heightened senses (except touch), and an unbreakable, adamantium skeleton (with three, foot long claws on each hand). All of this makes him virtually indestructible, which he likes to prove by getting himself flambéed/eviscerated/blown up on a regular basis. Years ago he was a victim of the Weapon X project, who experimented on him, fucked with his memory, bonded the adamantium (the hardest substance in the world!) to his bones, and were then mostly sliced and diced when he escaped. He remembers little of his past, and what he does remember, he can't trust, although we know he was an adult during WWII (ETA: a recent Limited Series revealed his past, but I haven't read it). Sometimes he goes a bit feral, and wanders around naked, hunting things. He has a catchphrase, 'I'm the best there is at what I do', and what he does isn't very nice (except when it's wandering around naked).
He knows the wrong sort of people, has a hundred thousand enemies, and kicks every kind of ass. In the movies he's taller, prettier, less tormented, and more a brawler than a martial artist. But he's played by Hugh Jackman, so no-one's complaining.
ROGUE (?): Rogue's real name has never been revealed and at this stage would likely be a terrible disappointment (in the movies it's 'Marie', but really it's probably something like Ernestine or Sue-Ann). She was raised by MYSTIQUE, and started off as a bad guy. She absorbs the power, memories and life-force of anyone she touches. This makes sex a problem and was the cause of endless (boring) angst during her relationship with GAMBIT ('get a body stocking and use condoms!' the fans would scream. 'a power inhibitor! therapy!'). After touching a superhero, Carol Danvers (Ms Marvel), for too long, she permanently absorbed Carol's powers of flight, super-strength, and invulnerability. Also, she had Carol in her head for ages, which was no fun for anyone. She came to Xavier for help with Carol and her powers and stayed, until most people have forgotten she was ever a bad guy at all. She's Southern, which means that she is incapable of saying "I" instead of "Ah".
GAMBIT (Remy LeBeau): He's a cocky Master Thief with designer stubble and A Terrible Past. He was thrown out of the Thieves Guild for killing his brother-in-law on his wedding day and exiled from New Orleans, which is apparently a much worse punishment than it sounds. His Terrible Past was revealed in the dreadful Uncanny X-Men #350, which sparked hundreds of tedious 'fix-it' stories about how It Wasn't His Fault And The X-Men Are All Hypocritical Bastards, Especially Rogue and Angel, Even The Ones That Weren't Even There.
He has a blow-stuff-up power -- typically, he blows stuff up by 'charging' playing cards with energy and throwing them. He's very acrobatic, and intermittently has some kind of empathy/'charm' power. He hits on every pretty woman he meets, often with success, and is therefore slashed more than any other character (The 'clearly, he'd sleep with anything' School of Slash). Plus, his costume has pink in it, so. He's Cajun, which means he is incapable of saying "the" instead of "de". See also MORLOCKS.
JUBILEE (Jubilation Lee): Orphaned Chinese-American SoCal teenager. She makes fireworks, but it's a blow-stuff-up power when she puts some oomph behind it. Semi-adopted by WOLVERINE. Rogue in the movies is really much more like comics canon Jubilee or SHADOWCAT than comics Rogue.
NIGHTCRAWLER (Kurt Wagner): He's blue! He's furry! He has a tail! He used to be in the circus! Also, he's German, and was brought up by gypsies. Circus gypsies. No, wait -- magic circus gypsies. Part of the second team of X-Men (with Wolverine, Storm, Shadowcat, Colossus, Banshee et al), and eventually the leader of EXCALIBUR. He's freakishly acrobatic, can teleport shortish distances (a mile or so at most) and has a deep admiration for Errol Flynn. Generally a cheerful and optimistic guy, he is also very religious, and has decided to become a Catholic priest (for about the third time). Previously, he had relationships with a Shi'ar alien, Cerise, and a witch, Amanda Sefton. He and Amanda were brought up as brother and sister, but somehow their relationship managed not to be creepy. In the movie he has weird tattoos, and is more goofy than debonair, but still cool.
CABLE (Nathan Christopher Charles Dayspring Summers): Um. Okay. He's the son of Scott, and Jean's EVIL TWIN Maddie, who grew up in the far future, where he was seen as a Saviour by a semi-religious caste of female mutant warriors called Askani (founded by his time travelling sister, Rachel) and was at war with APOCALYPSE. He's a very powerful telekinetic/telepath. He has an understandably complicated relationship with his parents given that, due to time travel, he's now about twice their age. For ages he had trouble controlling his powers due to a techno-organic virus (it's metal. but it's alive!) On/off relationship with a kickass merc called Domino. Inexplicably popular with a number of talented and otherwise sensible writers.
SHADOWCAT (Katherine (Kitty) Pryde): Youngest of the second team of X-Men, at 13 1/2. Eventually a founding member of EXCALIBUR. She can phase (go intangible), and was taught all kinds of martial arts by WOLVERINE. Also a genius, especially with computers. She has a pet dragon, Lockheed, which she picked up in outer space.
PSYLOCKE (Elisabeth (Betsy) Braddock): Telepath. She has a psychic knife, which is 'the focused totality of her psychic powers'. What this means is that when she stabs people in the head with it, their brains go boom. She grew up in a rich, upper class English family. Then she ended up in the body of a purple haired Asian ninja assassin (see EVIL TWINS). After she was almost killed by SABRETOOTH, ANGEL and WOLVERINE saved her life by exposing her to the Crimson Dawn, a big pool of weird which gave her freaky new powers and changed her personality. Currently dead.
BISHOP (Bishop): Absorbs energy, and blows stuff up with it. He's a time-travelling soldier from the future, and apparently the future really sucks. He has a big gun, and that's about the extent of his personality.
COLOSSUS (Piotr/Peter Rasputin): Piotr was a member of the Second Team. He's Russian, and has a super-strong change-form of organic steel. Had a younger sister, Illyana, who died of the LEGACY VIRUS, and an older brother, Mikhail, who was a cosmonaut. Mikhail was thought to have died on a mission, but turned out to be living in an alternate dimension and Completely. Barking. Mad. In fact, the entire family tended to emotional instability. Piotr is artistic, which is probably why they made him gay in the ULTIMATE X-MEN – he was otherwise the most heterosexual man on the team, and possibly the planet. He once beat PETE WISDOM almost to death for kissing SHADOWCAT, even though he'd dumped Kitty years earlier (although, see MARVEL TIME). He committed suicide in order to disseminate a cure for Legacy.
PETE WISDOM: Formerly an operative for evil secret agency of the British Government, Black Air, Wisdom is a rude, chain smoking, hard drinking, bad tempered man. Only reluctantly a superhero, he joined Excalibur after falling for SHADOWCAT, and doesn't have a codename. Nor does he have a costume, just a wardrobe full of cheap white shirts and black suits. His blow-stuff-up power is 'hot knives' that come out his fingers.
NORTHSTAR (Jean Paul Beaubier): One of the only canonically gay characters in the Marvel universe. Flight, speed, and sometimes light powers. Has a twin sister, Aurora, who has some mental problems. Originally a member of Canadian superhero group Alpha Flight, and only joined the X-Men recently. He currently has a little crush on Iceman (go for it, Jean Paul!) His personality can be a little abrasive, but hey! He's canonically gay!
VILLAINS

MAGNETO (Erik Magnus Lehnsherr): Has the power of magnetism, which means manipulating metal and magnetic fields. Magneto is Jewish, and was in a concentration camp during WWII. His daughter Anya was killed in a fire a few years later, due to stupid humans kicking up a fuss about him having super powers, then his wife Magda left him. He and Xavier met in Israel in their youth and were once very good friends. Over the years, Magneto has been variously depicted in canon as MWAHAHAHAHAHA! I WILL DESTROY THE WORLD!Evil, Honourable But Tragically Misguided, and Decent Deep Down. Mostly he's been a bad guy, but every now and then he gives being Good a try. He formed The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, back in the day, and probably wasn't being ironic. He has two mutant children, Pietro (Quicksilver) and Wanda (Scarlet Witch) Maximoff, who can't stand him. At least partly because he recruited them to The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Other associates include MYSTIQUE, SABRETOOTH, The Blob, Toad, The Acolytes. Died in GENOSHA, but he'll be back. (ETA: okay, apparently he's back already.)
MYSTIQUE (Raven Darkholme. Possibly not her real name, because, c'mon. Raven Darkholme?): Shapeshifter. She had a female lover, Destiny (Irene Adler) who was precognitive, and is now dead. She's Rogue's foster mother, and Nightcrawler's real mother, though she threw him over a cliff right after he was born, so they aren't close. She's also the mother of GRAYDON CREED. She was briefly drafted into X-FACTOR, but mostly she's been a villain, though she's really more in it for the money than world domination. (ETA: But she's now working for Xavier). Unlike her movie counterpart, she usually wears clothes.
SABRETOOTH (Victor Creed): Sabretooth is also a product of Weapon X, and has much the same powers as WOLVERINE, except for the adamantium and claws. For a while, he had Logan convinced that he was his Dad. Their family reunions were very touching and usually involved a lot of blood loss. Sabretooth's hobbies are killing people and fighting with Wolverine. He also has some history with GAMBIT (dropped one of his girlfriends off the side of a building).
MISTER SINISTER (Dr Nathaniel Essex?): Okay, quit laughing. That's his name. People call him that. He's very intimidating. He's a Mad Scientist, with a fixation on the Summers family in particular and mutant genetics in general. His lackeys are called the Marauders, and whenever they get killed (pretty much every time they leave the lab) he clones new ones. His numerous powers include shapeshifting, teleportation and telepathy, plus when someone blows a hole in him it just closes right back up. He (like APOCALYPSE) is one of these villains who pretends everything that ever happens is according to his Cunning Master Plan, even when the stuff that happens is clearly to his detriment. See also MORLOCKS.
APOCALPYSE (En Sabur Nur): He's several thousand years old. In the future he rules the world. Has a thing about 'survival of the fittest' and 'only the strong will survive'. I've never worked out what his powers actually are, but he has access to a lot of powerful, alien technology. CABLE's mortal enemy. ANGEL isn't very fond of him either.
THE HELLFIRE CLUB: A bunch of rich mutants who dress up in sado-masochist underwear and try to take over the world. Codenamed like chess pieces.
WHITE QUEEN (Emma Frost): Originally the White Queen of the HELLFIRE CLUB. A telepath. After her mutant students, the Hellions, were killed, she turned Good(ish). Became the headmistress of the GENERATION X school, and is currently on the main team. She recently developed a dumbass secondary power -- she can turn into a big diamond. Woohoo.
GRAYDON CREED: The son of evil mutants MYSTIQUE and SABRETOOTH is not only not a mutant, but runs an anti-mutant organisation called The Friends of Humanity. Ran for President on a MUTANTS SUCK platform. He had ICEMAN's dad beaten up once, and even though Bobby's dad is kind of a jerk, everyone was pretty glad when Creed was assassinated.
SENTINELS: Mutant hunting robots sanctioned by the government. Prime Sentinels are ordinary humans transformed with nanotech into killer cyborgs (usually against their will). See also OPERATION ZERO TOLERANCE.
OTHER INFORMATION
AGE OF APOCALYPSE (AOA): A while back, Charles was accidentally killed in the past by his crazy, time travelling son Legion, shunting the whole universe into an alternative time line ruled by APOCALYPSE for about six issues. Some people were evil, some people were crazy -- it was a whole thing. Then the world blew up and they all died.
DALLAS: So, this one team of X-Men died in Dallas, Texas, to save the world. It was a big tragedy, and televised all over the world. Then they were brought back to life and went to live in Australia.
You don't usually get deathfic warnings in this fandom, it's just kind of redundant.
ALIENS: This is not a comprehensive list.
The Brood -- evil parasitic aliens, much like the aliens from Alien. They plant eggs in people and turn them into Brood.
The Phalanx -- evil techno-organic aliens, sort of like the Borg. They want to assimilate the universe.
The Shi'ar -- avian humanoids, who look much like humans, but feathers for hair. And lay eggs. Whenever this huge, powerful, technologically advanced Empire has some problem they can't deal with, they send for the X-Men to fix it. This happens quite often (ETA:but not so much lately). They did give the X-Men some cool technology though.
The Skrull -- evil shapeshifting aliens.
The Z'Nox -- plain old evil aliens. They came to take over the Earth, but Xavier did this thing where he gathered up all the happy thoughts in the world and broadcast them to the Z'Nox, and they were like, " it's the planet of the carebears! run away! run away!"
EVIL TWINS: Enough X-Men have evil twins that I thought I should cover them separately.
BEAST'S evil twin is an escapee from the AGE OF APOCALYPSE. He bricked Hank up in a wall and took over his place in the X-Men for a while. No-one noticed, but they were kind of busy with other stuff.
CABLE has not one, but TWO evil twins. The first is called Stryfe. He was cloned by the Askani when Cable was a baby, so they had a spare in case Cable died. The Askani are kind of whacked. He wears a spiky silver helmet and is a raving lunatic on account of being brought up by APOCALYPSE.
The second, Nate Grey, is another leftover from the AOA. He was made by the AOA Mr Sinister from Scott and Jean's DNA. He isn't evil, just ridiculously powerful. Apparently he's some kind of world shaman now.
MAGNETO'S evil twin was actually a 'good' twin, Joseph. Everyone though that he was a de-aged, amnesiac Magneto, but he turned out to be a clone or something.Magneto killed him.(ETA:No, he didn't. Joseph died saving the world. Probably. See comments for details.)
PHOENIX'S evil twin was a clone made by SINISTER called Madelyne Pryor. After Jean died (the first time) a grieving Scott met an amnesiac Madelyne, and eventually they married and had a baby (Nathan Christopher, AKA CABLE). Then Jean came back. Scott, rather uncharacteristically, abandoned his family to go to her, something which Scott fans just sort of pretend didn't happen. He put off telling Jean about Maddie for about 300 years, and then Maddie 'died' in DALLAS. Eventually Maddie went evil and tried to sacrifice her baby to open a portal to a hell dimension. As you do.
PSYLOCKE'S evil sort-of-twin was called Kwannon/Revanche. They ended up in each other's bodies. Although they looked absolutely nothing alike, they apparently smelled just the same (yeah, thanks, Logan). She's dead.
XAVIER'S evil twin was a woman, Cassandra Nova. It was the stupidest evil twin story ever and, as you can probably tell from the above, that's really saying something. (ETA: Alright, already, and his other evil twin was ONSLAUGHT, okay?)
GENOSHA: Island nation off the coast of East Africa. Genosha 'genegineered' its large population of latent mutants into 'Mutates' and turned them into brainwashed slaves. When the Mutates were freed by the X-Men, their economy collapsed and it's been one civil war after another ever since. The Mutates turned out to be especially susceptible to the LEGACY VIRUS, and many died. Eventually Magneto took over as dictator and put the mutants in charge. Recently the lousy current writers decided a spot of genocide would be fun and interesting, and turned the entire country into a wasteland.
LEGACY VIRUS: A disease deliberately engineered (by CABLE'S EVIL TWIN Stryfe, I think) to kill mutants. It was A Terrifying And Deadly Epidemic that killed a bunch of Genoshan Mutates and a handful of minor characters, before finally being cured by Dr Moira MacTaggert, BEAST and the death of COLOSSUS.
MARVEL TIME: The X-Men have been going about 40 years, however, the characters have only aged 8-15 years (different characters age at different rates). This is because of Marvel Time. None of the original team are older than late twenties/early thirties despite decades of experience, and that WWII was over sixty years ago has had no impact on Magneto's virility (well. except that he's currently dead. (ETA:and he was deaged. oh, and he's not dead anymore. so. never mind.)). The younger characters, such as JUBILEE, may stay at 13 for decades on end, before abruptly being old enough for the main team. There is no point counting Christmases, they usually have one once a (normal time) year. Marvel Time is like an Escher drawing -- don't try to make it make sense.
MORLOCKS: The Morlocks are mutants with unattractive powers/physical appearances who can't make it in human society. They live in the tunnels under New York (there are tunnels under almost every major city in the Marvel Universe -- I understand the ones under New Orleans are particularly unlikely -- and they usually contain disaffected mutants, parasitic aliens or mad scientists. Sometimes all three.) They were almost all killed by the Marauders on the orders of MR SINISTER, in some twisted attempt to cleanse the mutant genepool. ANGEL lost his original wings during the Massacre. GAMBIT'S Terrible Past eventually turned out to bea dumb retcon that he'd helped the Marauders get to the Morlocks, though he didn't know what they were going to do (it's never really been explained what he thought a group of heavily armed evil mutants might otherwise be doing). He managed to save one cute little girl, Sarah -- then she grew up to be a vicious anti-human terrorist and killed lots of people in really disgusting ways. Oops.
ONSLAUGHT: Sort of Xavier's Evil Psychic Twin, with a dash of Magneto. Ended up killing the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and many other heroes. But it turned out they weren't really dead, just living in an alternate universe inside a kid's ball.
OPERATION ZERO TOLERANCE (OZT): Government sponsored operation that loosed Prime Sentinels on America to round up/kill mutants. Led by Bastion, who turned out to be a robot/cyborg himself.
OTHER TEAMS:
X-FACTOR: The 'First Five' X-Men formed another team, on the dumb premise of helping mutants while pretending to hunt them down for the government. Naturally, mutants who saw them coming just ran away. The second team (led by Havok) worked for the government, but in a good way, until it All Went Horribly Wrong. Now defunct.
EXCALIBUR: European superhero team, based in Britain. Generally notably less angsty than any other X-team. Now defunct.
NEW MUTANTS: A generation of younger mutants recruited after the first few teams of X-Men grew up. Became X-FORCE, which was led by CABLE. Included Cannonball (Sam Guthrie, flier) who later led X-Force and briefly joined the X-Men. Now defunct, and possibly dead. (ETA:apparently, not dead. And the New Mutants have their own book again)
GENERATION X: The generation after the New Mutants went to school in Massachusetts. Students included JUBILEE; Husk (Paige Guthrie) who has the power to rip off her skin, revealing various other substances (metal, wood, rubber, etc) underneath; Chamber (Jono Starsmore) who has a, um. psionic bio-nuclear furnace ... thing ... in his chest cavity; and Skin (Angelo Espinosa) who has really tough, stretchy skin. And a bunch of others. Teachers were WHITE QUEEN and Banshee (Sean Cassidy, sonic scream). Now defunct. I think they graduated.
ULTIMATE X-MEN: The Ultimate line of books (which include Spiderman, the Avengers, etc) are an alternate universe in which Marvel's most popular and long established characters aremutilated 're-invented'. Ult-X is basically the X-Men started over, all slick and modern. New origins (Wolverine starts off with Magneto, Colossus with the Russian Mafia), new costumes, new line-up. The characters in Ult-X are all terribly cool, gratuitously violent, and mind-numbingly stupid, as well as having almost nothing in common with their mainstream counterparts. There is some excellent Ult-X fic, perhaps as a desperate attempt to counter the horrific banality of the canon.
CANON PAIRINGS
Actually, there aren't that many canon pairings. At least, not for very long. They break up, they die, they get blown into alternate universes, you know how it is. These are some of the more long-lived relationships.
Cyclops/Phoenix
Jean and Scott are in love across the multiverse. In a thousand different alternate universes, their love is deep and pure and true (apart from the occasional death, insanity, death, possession, death, marriage to other people, death, etc), traumatic, but eternal. Consequently, hardly anyone writes about them as a couple, as there is little one can do to them that canon hasn't already done. Twice.
Rogue/Gambit
Star cross'd lovers Remy and Rogue had one of those on/off relationships. As in, on, off, on, off, please, somebody just fucking shoot them before they get back on again. "If only Ah could touch!" "If only I wasn't married -- damn, didn't I mention that?" "If only Ah hadn't put you in a coma!" and so on. Currently they seem fairly comprehensively broken up, but for a while they were wildly popular, and there is a lot of fic about them.
Angel/Psylocke
Pretty standard X-Men couple -- they were happy, they broke up, she died. There's a fair bit of fic about them.
Rogue/Magneto
She had a fling with him in the Savage Land (the tropical land full of dinosaurs that is hidden in Antarctica. you know the one). Then he killed someone and she dumped him. They were married in the AGE OF APOCALYPSE and had a son. Also, there were some vibes between her and his EVIL TWIN Joseph, at least in so far as Joseph could create vibes with anyone without the aid of special equipment.
Shadowcat/Pete Wisdom
Pryde & Wisdom got together in EXCALIBUR. There was hate at first sight, snarky banter, and actual sex. They were the coolest canon couple ever. They broke up for no good reason, and currently he's dead (I think), but no-one pays much attention to that. There's a lot of fic.
Other relationships occasionally mentioned in fic include: Cable/Domino (she could do better), Havok/Polaris (Lorna Dane, currently insane but usually pretty cool), Iceman/Polaris (she dumped him for Havok), Beast/Trish Tilby (human reporter), Iceman/a series of dreadful girlfriends, Wolverine/Mariko, Angel/Charlotte Jones (human cop), Xavier/Lilandra Neramani (Empress of the Shi'ar), Xavier/Moira MacTaggert (Nobel Prize winning scientist, died of Legacy), Xavier/Amelia Voght (former nurse, then worked for Magneto), Xavier/Gabrielle Haller (mother of his son David/Legion), Shadowcat/Colossus, Colossus/Callisto (leader of the Morlocks), Storm/Forge (mutant inventor), Moira/Banshee.
NON-CANON PAIRINGS
They're all beautiful, and they've all known each for years. Just about any pairing can and does go. These are just the ones that came to mind when I was writing this.
Xavier/Magneto
Many people feel that this is actually a canon pairing, and they do indeed sometimes behave like people who are enemies because they had a really bad break up ("Charles! Give me back my Bee Gees albums or I shall DESTROY THE WORLD!"). I don't often read this pairing, but it has a few talented writers.
Phoenix/Wolverine
There's a big old attraction, but they've never really done anything. It is canon in ULTIMATE X-MEN though.
Iceman/Gambit
One of the most popular slash pairings. They're young, pretty, unattached and rarely interact in canon. They're perfect for each other!
Northstar/Anyone Pretty
He's canonically gay! They're male! They're perfect for each other!
Cyclops/Wolverine
Rivalry, mutual dislike, grudging respect. They're perfect for each other!
Sabretooth/Wolverine
They hate each other with the passion of a thousand fiery suns. Also, Sabretooth may have killed Logan's wife ('may have', as in, we're not sure if a) he killed her, b) she's dead, c) she was really Logan's wife, d) she ever actually existed). They're perfect for each other!

Other pairings include: Gambit/Storm, Gambit/Wolverine, Gambit/Cyclops, Gambit/Anyone with genitalia, Wolverine/Storm, Richter/Shatterstar (both of X-Force), Beast/Iceman, Wolverine/Jubilee (yick), Phoenix/Angel, Iceman/White Queen.
ARCHIVES
The fandom currently has no central archive. There are many, many smaller archives.
Fonts of Wisdom -- the best large archive still being regularly updated. Has pages for several specific characters and couples too.
X-Archive -- slash archive, but not picky about content, and not updated in years. I don't know of any up to date x-slash archive. Anyone? Bueller?
Comicfic.net -- formerly the Itty Bitty Archives. Separate archives focusing on Scott, Logan and femmeslash, as well as a general X-Men one. Mostly gen.
Scott & Logan -- Scott & Logan together, comics & movieverse. Mostly slash.
X-Men Hero Cyclops -- Scott, gen, het, slash, recs. The main page has info and pictures as well, I think.
Alykat's archives -- Down Home Charm (Rogue), Stars and Garters (Beast) and (un)frozen (Iceman). All mostly, though not exclusively, gen (Iceman is slashed more often). Not recently updated.
The Wolverine and Jubilee Page -- d'oh. Stories featuring them together, separately, and with other characters.
Mooksville, Earth -- happy, sappy stories. Mostly slash.
Alara's archives -- fairly comprehensive pages for Magneto, Xavier, Mystique, and others.
The LeBeau Library -- Gambit, gen, het and slash. Regularly updated.
Alternate Timelines -- mostly Cable, Domino & X-Force.
Peeing in the Jean Pool -- Stryfe, Havok, and the best darn name for a page ever.
Minisinoo has an excellent page of links to her favourite Scott and/or Jean stories.
Ebonbird's archive -- mostly gen. Quite a lot of Storm stories.
Lateo's X-Men Links -- what it sounds like.
I know I left things out -- please let me know if you think I missed anything vital, or screwed something up.
ETA: The images are finally working!
THE BASICS
This overview covers the main comics, not the movies (or the cartoons). I can't actually recommend that anyone wanting to go to the source material read any recent issues, because they suck in all new, all different, ways. However! The Essential X-Men volumes are cheap, black and white reprints, 20 or so issues per volume, starting from Giant Sized X-Men #1 (the introduction of the Second Team), and contain much very cool, old school, superheroics.
MUTANTS
Mutants are people with an X-Factor, a gene that gives them special powers. Most mutants manifest their abilities at puberty, or under great emotional/physical stress. Not all mutations are useful: many mutants just look funny, or can do something daft like turn celery into string (see also MORLOCKS). Useful mutations include: psionic powers (telepathy, telekinesis, etc), change-forms (turning into something else – an animal, a really hard metal, etc), 'blow-stuff-up' powers (making things go 'boom'), shape-shifting, teleporting, elemental powers (manipulation of things like magnetism, temperature, the weather, etc), super-strength, flying.


THE X-MEN
The X-Men were formed by Charles Xavier in order to a) teach mutants how to use their abilities, b) protect humans from evil mutants, c) protect mutants from evil humans. In practice, they mostly end up just doing b), protecting a world that fears and hates them. They are based out of the frequently destroyed Xavier Mansion, Graymalkin Lane, Salem Centre, Westchester, New York, though for a while they lived in Australia, which has a surprising large supervillain population.
The X-Men started off as just five mutant teenagers (Cyclops, Marvel Girl (later Phoenix), Beast, Iceman, Angel), and grew. And then grew some more. There are now about six hundred X-Men and associates, so I won't be mentioning them all.
MAIN CHARACTERS
X-MEN









He knows the wrong sort of people, has a hundred thousand enemies, and kicks every kind of ass. In the movies he's taller, prettier, less tormented, and more a brawler than a martial artist. But he's played by Hugh Jackman, so no-one's complaining.


He has a blow-stuff-up power -- typically, he blows stuff up by 'charging' playing cards with energy and throwing them. He's very acrobatic, and intermittently has some kind of empathy/'charm' power. He hits on every pretty woman he meets, often with success, and is therefore slashed more than any other character (The 'clearly, he'd sleep with anything' School of Slash). Plus, his costume has pink in it, so. He's Cajun, which means he is incapable of saying "the" instead of "de". See also MORLOCKS.








NORTHSTAR (Jean Paul Beaubier): One of the only canonically gay characters in the Marvel universe. Flight, speed, and sometimes light powers. Has a twin sister, Aurora, who has some mental problems. Originally a member of Canadian superhero group Alpha Flight, and only joined the X-Men recently. He currently has a little crush on Iceman (go for it, Jean Paul!) His personality can be a little abrasive, but hey! He's canonically gay!
VILLAINS






THE HELLFIRE CLUB: A bunch of rich mutants who dress up in sado-masochist underwear and try to take over the world. Codenamed like chess pieces.

GRAYDON CREED: The son of evil mutants MYSTIQUE and SABRETOOTH is not only not a mutant, but runs an anti-mutant organisation called The Friends of Humanity. Ran for President on a MUTANTS SUCK platform. He had ICEMAN's dad beaten up once, and even though Bobby's dad is kind of a jerk, everyone was pretty glad when Creed was assassinated.

OTHER INFORMATION
AGE OF APOCALYPSE (AOA): A while back, Charles was accidentally killed in the past by his crazy, time travelling son Legion, shunting the whole universe into an alternative time line ruled by APOCALYPSE for about six issues. Some people were evil, some people were crazy -- it was a whole thing. Then the world blew up and they all died.
DALLAS: So, this one team of X-Men died in Dallas, Texas, to save the world. It was a big tragedy, and televised all over the world. Then they were brought back to life and went to live in Australia.
You don't usually get deathfic warnings in this fandom, it's just kind of redundant.
ALIENS: This is not a comprehensive list.
The Brood -- evil parasitic aliens, much like the aliens from Alien. They plant eggs in people and turn them into Brood.
The Phalanx -- evil techno-organic aliens, sort of like the Borg. They want to assimilate the universe.
The Shi'ar -- avian humanoids, who look much like humans, but feathers for hair. And lay eggs. Whenever this huge, powerful, technologically advanced Empire has some problem they can't deal with, they send for the X-Men to fix it. This happens quite often (ETA:but not so much lately). They did give the X-Men some cool technology though.
The Skrull -- evil shapeshifting aliens.
The Z'Nox -- plain old evil aliens. They came to take over the Earth, but Xavier did this thing where he gathered up all the happy thoughts in the world and broadcast them to the Z'Nox, and they were like, " it's the planet of the carebears! run away! run away!"
EVIL TWINS: Enough X-Men have evil twins that I thought I should cover them separately.
BEAST'S evil twin is an escapee from the AGE OF APOCALYPSE. He bricked Hank up in a wall and took over his place in the X-Men for a while. No-one noticed, but they were kind of busy with other stuff.
CABLE has not one, but TWO evil twins. The first is called Stryfe. He was cloned by the Askani when Cable was a baby, so they had a spare in case Cable died. The Askani are kind of whacked. He wears a spiky silver helmet and is a raving lunatic on account of being brought up by APOCALYPSE.
The second, Nate Grey, is another leftover from the AOA. He was made by the AOA Mr Sinister from Scott and Jean's DNA. He isn't evil, just ridiculously powerful. Apparently he's some kind of world shaman now.
MAGNETO'S evil twin was actually a 'good' twin, Joseph. Everyone though that he was a de-aged, amnesiac Magneto, but he turned out to be a clone or something.
PHOENIX'S evil twin was a clone made by SINISTER called Madelyne Pryor. After Jean died (the first time) a grieving Scott met an amnesiac Madelyne, and eventually they married and had a baby (Nathan Christopher, AKA CABLE). Then Jean came back. Scott, rather uncharacteristically, abandoned his family to go to her, something which Scott fans just sort of pretend didn't happen. He put off telling Jean about Maddie for about 300 years, and then Maddie 'died' in DALLAS. Eventually Maddie went evil and tried to sacrifice her baby to open a portal to a hell dimension. As you do.
PSYLOCKE'S evil sort-of-twin was called Kwannon/Revanche. They ended up in each other's bodies. Although they looked absolutely nothing alike, they apparently smelled just the same (yeah, thanks, Logan). She's dead.
XAVIER'S evil twin was a woman, Cassandra Nova. It was the stupidest evil twin story ever and, as you can probably tell from the above, that's really saying something. (ETA: Alright, already, and his other evil twin was ONSLAUGHT, okay?)
GENOSHA: Island nation off the coast of East Africa. Genosha 'genegineered' its large population of latent mutants into 'Mutates' and turned them into brainwashed slaves. When the Mutates were freed by the X-Men, their economy collapsed and it's been one civil war after another ever since. The Mutates turned out to be especially susceptible to the LEGACY VIRUS, and many died. Eventually Magneto took over as dictator and put the mutants in charge. Recently the lousy current writers decided a spot of genocide would be fun and interesting, and turned the entire country into a wasteland.
LEGACY VIRUS: A disease deliberately engineered (by CABLE'S EVIL TWIN Stryfe, I think) to kill mutants. It was A Terrifying And Deadly Epidemic that killed a bunch of Genoshan Mutates and a handful of minor characters, before finally being cured by Dr Moira MacTaggert, BEAST and the death of COLOSSUS.
MARVEL TIME: The X-Men have been going about 40 years, however, the characters have only aged 8-15 years (different characters age at different rates). This is because of Marvel Time. None of the original team are older than late twenties/early thirties despite decades of experience, and that WWII was over sixty years ago has had no impact on Magneto's virility (well. except that he's currently dead. (ETA:and he was deaged. oh, and he's not dead anymore. so. never mind.)). The younger characters, such as JUBILEE, may stay at 13 for decades on end, before abruptly being old enough for the main team. There is no point counting Christmases, they usually have one once a (normal time) year. Marvel Time is like an Escher drawing -- don't try to make it make sense.
MORLOCKS: The Morlocks are mutants with unattractive powers/physical appearances who can't make it in human society. They live in the tunnels under New York (there are tunnels under almost every major city in the Marvel Universe -- I understand the ones under New Orleans are particularly unlikely -- and they usually contain disaffected mutants, parasitic aliens or mad scientists. Sometimes all three.) They were almost all killed by the Marauders on the orders of MR SINISTER, in some twisted attempt to cleanse the mutant genepool. ANGEL lost his original wings during the Massacre. GAMBIT'S Terrible Past eventually turned out to be
ONSLAUGHT: Sort of Xavier's Evil Psychic Twin, with a dash of Magneto. Ended up killing the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and many other heroes. But it turned out they weren't really dead, just living in an alternate universe inside a kid's ball.
OPERATION ZERO TOLERANCE (OZT): Government sponsored operation that loosed Prime Sentinels on America to round up/kill mutants. Led by Bastion, who turned out to be a robot/cyborg himself.
OTHER TEAMS:
X-FACTOR: The 'First Five' X-Men formed another team, on the dumb premise of helping mutants while pretending to hunt them down for the government. Naturally, mutants who saw them coming just ran away. The second team (led by Havok) worked for the government, but in a good way, until it All Went Horribly Wrong. Now defunct.
EXCALIBUR: European superhero team, based in Britain. Generally notably less angsty than any other X-team. Now defunct.
NEW MUTANTS: A generation of younger mutants recruited after the first few teams of X-Men grew up. Became X-FORCE, which was led by CABLE. Included Cannonball (Sam Guthrie, flier) who later led X-Force and briefly joined the X-Men. Now defunct, and possibly dead. (ETA:apparently, not dead. And the New Mutants have their own book again)
GENERATION X: The generation after the New Mutants went to school in Massachusetts. Students included JUBILEE; Husk (Paige Guthrie) who has the power to rip off her skin, revealing various other substances (metal, wood, rubber, etc) underneath; Chamber (Jono Starsmore) who has a, um. psionic bio-nuclear furnace ... thing ... in his chest cavity; and Skin (Angelo Espinosa) who has really tough, stretchy skin. And a bunch of others. Teachers were WHITE QUEEN and Banshee (Sean Cassidy, sonic scream). Now defunct. I think they graduated.
ULTIMATE X-MEN: The Ultimate line of books (which include Spiderman, the Avengers, etc) are an alternate universe in which Marvel's most popular and long established characters are
CANON PAIRINGS
Actually, there aren't that many canon pairings. At least, not for very long. They break up, they die, they get blown into alternate universes, you know how it is. These are some of the more long-lived relationships.

Jean and Scott are in love across the multiverse. In a thousand different alternate universes, their love is deep and pure and true (apart from the occasional death, insanity, death, possession, death, marriage to other people, death, etc), traumatic, but eternal. Consequently, hardly anyone writes about them as a couple, as there is little one can do to them that canon hasn't already done. Twice.
Rogue/Gambit
Star cross'd lovers Remy and Rogue had one of those on/off relationships. As in, on, off, on, off, please, somebody just fucking shoot them before they get back on again. "If only Ah could touch!" "If only I wasn't married -- damn, didn't I mention that?" "If only Ah hadn't put you in a coma!" and so on. Currently they seem fairly comprehensively broken up, but for a while they were wildly popular, and there is a lot of fic about them.

Pretty standard X-Men couple -- they were happy, they broke up, she died. There's a fair bit of fic about them.
Rogue/Magneto
She had a fling with him in the Savage Land (the tropical land full of dinosaurs that is hidden in Antarctica. you know the one). Then he killed someone and she dumped him. They were married in the AGE OF APOCALYPSE and had a son. Also, there were some vibes between her and his EVIL TWIN Joseph, at least in so far as Joseph could create vibes with anyone without the aid of special equipment.

Pryde & Wisdom got together in EXCALIBUR. There was hate at first sight, snarky banter, and actual sex. They were the coolest canon couple ever. They broke up for no good reason, and currently he's dead (I think), but no-one pays much attention to that. There's a lot of fic.
Other relationships occasionally mentioned in fic include: Cable/Domino (she could do better), Havok/Polaris (Lorna Dane, currently insane but usually pretty cool), Iceman/Polaris (she dumped him for Havok), Beast/Trish Tilby (human reporter), Iceman/a series of dreadful girlfriends, Wolverine/Mariko, Angel/Charlotte Jones (human cop), Xavier/Lilandra Neramani (Empress of the Shi'ar), Xavier/Moira MacTaggert (Nobel Prize winning scientist, died of Legacy), Xavier/Amelia Voght (former nurse, then worked for Magneto), Xavier/Gabrielle Haller (mother of his son David/Legion), Shadowcat/Colossus, Colossus/Callisto (leader of the Morlocks), Storm/Forge (mutant inventor), Moira/Banshee.
NON-CANON PAIRINGS
They're all beautiful, and they've all known each for years. Just about any pairing can and does go. These are just the ones that came to mind when I was writing this.
Xavier/Magneto
Many people feel that this is actually a canon pairing, and they do indeed sometimes behave like people who are enemies because they had a really bad break up ("Charles! Give me back my Bee Gees albums or I shall DESTROY THE WORLD!"). I don't often read this pairing, but it has a few talented writers.

There's a big old attraction, but they've never really done anything. It is canon in ULTIMATE X-MEN though.
Iceman/Gambit
One of the most popular slash pairings. They're young, pretty, unattached and rarely interact in canon. They're perfect for each other!
Northstar/Anyone Pretty
He's canonically gay! They're male! They're perfect for each other!
Cyclops/Wolverine
Rivalry, mutual dislike, grudging respect. They're perfect for each other!
Sabretooth/Wolverine
They hate each other with the passion of a thousand fiery suns. Also, Sabretooth may have killed Logan's wife ('may have', as in, we're not sure if a) he killed her, b) she's dead, c) she was really Logan's wife, d) she ever actually existed). They're perfect for each other!

Other pairings include: Gambit/Storm, Gambit/Wolverine, Gambit/Cyclops, Gambit/Anyone with genitalia, Wolverine/Storm, Richter/Shatterstar (both of X-Force), Beast/Iceman, Wolverine/Jubilee (yick), Phoenix/Angel, Iceman/White Queen.
ARCHIVES
The fandom currently has no central archive. There are many, many smaller archives.
Fonts of Wisdom -- the best large archive still being regularly updated. Has pages for several specific characters and couples too.
X-Archive -- slash archive, but not picky about content, and not updated in years. I don't know of any up to date x-slash archive. Anyone? Bueller?
Comicfic.net -- formerly the Itty Bitty Archives. Separate archives focusing on Scott, Logan and femmeslash, as well as a general X-Men one. Mostly gen.
Scott & Logan -- Scott & Logan together, comics & movieverse. Mostly slash.
X-Men Hero Cyclops -- Scott, gen, het, slash, recs. The main page has info and pictures as well, I think.
Alykat's archives -- Down Home Charm (Rogue), Stars and Garters (Beast) and (un)frozen (Iceman). All mostly, though not exclusively, gen (Iceman is slashed more often). Not recently updated.
The Wolverine and Jubilee Page -- d'oh. Stories featuring them together, separately, and with other characters.
Mooksville, Earth -- happy, sappy stories. Mostly slash.
Alara's archives -- fairly comprehensive pages for Magneto, Xavier, Mystique, and others.
The LeBeau Library -- Gambit, gen, het and slash. Regularly updated.
Alternate Timelines -- mostly Cable, Domino & X-Force.
Peeing in the Jean Pool -- Stryfe, Havok, and the best darn name for a page ever.
Minisinoo has an excellent page of links to her favourite Scott and/or Jean stories.
Ebonbird's archive -- mostly gen. Quite a lot of Storm stories.
Lateo's X-Men Links -- what it sounds like.
I know I left things out -- please let me know if you think I missed anything vital, or screwed something up.
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